วันศุกร์ที่ 19 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553
What is global warming?
Global warming is when the earth heats up (the temperature rises). It happens when greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane) trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, which increases the temperature. This hurts many people, animals, and plants. Many cannot take the change, so they die.
What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is when the temperature rises because the sun’s heat and light is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. This is like when heat is trapped in a car. On a very hot day, the car gets hotter when it is out in the parking lot. This is because the heat and light from the sun can get into the car, by going through the windows, but it can’t get back out. This is what the greenhouse effect does to the earth. The heat and light can get through the atmosphere, but it can’t get out. As a result, the temperature rises.
The sun’s heat can get into the car through the windows but is then trapped. This makes what ever the place might be, a greenhouse, a car, a building, or the earth’s atmosphere, hotter. This diagram shows the heat coming into a car as visible light (light you can see) and infrared light (heat). Once the light is inside the car, it is trapped and the heat builds up, just like it does in the earth’s atmosphere.
Sometimes the temperature can change in a way that helps us. The greenhouse effect makes the earth appropriate for people to live on. Without it, the earth would be freezing, or on the other hand it would be burning hot. It would be freezing at night because the sun would be down. We would not get the sun’s heat and light to make the night somewhat warm. During the day, especially during the summer, it would be burning because the sun would be up with no atmosphere to filter it, so people, plants, and animals would be exposed to all the light and heat.
Although the greenhouse effect makes the earth able to have people living on it, if there gets to be too many gases, the earth can get unusually warmer, and many plants, animals, and people will die. They would die because there would be less food (plants like corn, wheat, and other vegetables and fruits). This would happen because the plants would not be able to take the heat. This would cause us to have less food to eat, but it would also limit the food that animals have. With less food, like grass, for the animals that we need to survive (like cows) we would even have less food. Gradually, people, plants, and animals would all die of hunger.
What are greenhouse gasses?
Greenhouse gasses are gasses are in the earth’s atmosphere that collect heat and light from the sun. With too many greenhouse gasses in the air, the earth’s atmosphere will trap too much heat and the earth will get too hot. As a result people, animals, and plants would die because the heat would be too strong.
What is global warming doing to the environment?
Global warming is affecting many parts of the world. Global warming makes the sea rise, and when the sea rises, the water covers many low land islands. This is a big problem for many of the plants, animals, and people on islands. The water covers the plants and causes some of them to die. When they die, the animals lose a source of food, along with their habitat. Although animals have a better ability to adapt to what happens than plants do, they may die also. When the plants and animals die, people lose two sources of food, plant food and animal food. They may also lose their homes. As a result, they would also have to leave the area or die. This would be called a break in the food chain, or a chain reaction, one thing happening that leads to another and so on.
The oceans are affected by global warming in other ways, as well. Many things that are happening to the ocean are linked to global warming. One thing that is happening is warm water, caused from global warming, is harming and killing algae in the ocean.
Algae is a producer that you can see floating on the top of the water. (A producer is something that makes food for other animals through photosynthesis, like grass.) This floating green algae is food to many consumers in the ocean. (A consumer is something that eats the producers.) One kind of a consumer is small fish. There are many others like crabs, some whales, and many other animals. Fewer algae is a problem because there is less food for us and many animals in the sea.
Global warming is doing many things to people as well as animals and plants. It is killing algae, but it is also destroying many huge forests. The pollution that causes global warming is linked to acid rain. Acid rain gradually destroys almost everything it touches. Global warming is also causing many more fires that wipe out whole forests. This happens because global warming can make the earth very hot. In forests, some plants and trees leaves can be so dry that they catch on fire.
What causes global warming?
Many things cause global warming. One thing that causes global warming is electrical pollution. Electricity causes pollution in many ways, some worse than others. In most cases, fossil fuels are burned to create electricity. Fossil fuels are made of dead plants and animals. Some examples of fossil fuels are oil and petroleum. Many pollutants (chemicals that pollute the air, water, and land) are sent into the air when fossil fuels are burned. Some of these chemicals are called greenhouse gasses.
We use these sources of energy much more than the sources that give off less pollution. Petroleum, one of the sources of energy, is used a lot. It is used for transportation, making electricity, and making many other things. Although this source of energy gives off a lot of pollution, it is used for 38% of the United States’ energy.
Some other examples of using energy and polluting the air are:
 | Turning on a light | ||||||||||||||
| Watching T.V. | ||||||||||||||
| Listening to a stereo | ||||||||||||||
| Washing or drying clothes | ||||||||||||||
| Using a hair dryer | ||||||||||||||
| Riding in a car | ||||||||||||||
| Heating a meal in the microwave | ||||||||||||||
| Using an air conditioner | ||||||||||||||
| Playing a video game | ||||||||||||||
| Using a dish washer When you do these things, you are causing more greenhouse gasses to be sent into the air. Greenhouse gasses are sent into the air because creating the electricity you use to do these things causes pollution. If you think of how many times a day you do these things, it’s a lot. You even have to add in how many other people do these things! That turns out to be a lot of pollutants going into the air a day because of people like us using electricity. The least amount of electricity you use, the better. When we throw our garbage away, the garbage goes to landfills. Landfills are those big hills that you go by on an expressway that stink. They are full of garbage. The garbage is then sometimes burned. This sends an enormous amount of greenhouse gasses into the air and makes global warming worse. Another thing that makes global warming worse is when people cut down trees. Trees and other plants collect carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is the air that our body lets out when we breathe. With fewer trees, it is harder for people to breathe because there is more CO2 in the air, and we don’t breathe CO2, we breathe oxygen. Plants collect the CO2 that we breathe out, and they give back oxygen that we breathe in. With less trees and other plants, such as algae, there is less air for us, and more greenhouse gases are sent into the air. This means that it is very important to protect our trees to stop the greenhouse effect, and also so we can breathe and live. This gas, CO2, collects light and heat (radiant energy), produced by the sun, and this makes the earth warmer. The heat and light from the sun is produced in the center of the sun. The sun has layers just like the earth. This layer is called the core. Just like a core of an apple, it is in the middle. Here there is a very high temperature, about 27,000,000°F. This heat escapes out of this layer to the next layer, the radiative zone. This layer is cooler, about 4,500,000°F. Gradually, the heat and light will pass through the convection zone at a temperature of around 2,000,000°F. When it gets to the surface, the temperature is about 10,000°F. Finally, the heat and light is sent into space. This is called radiant energy (heat and light). The radiant energy reaches the earth’s atmosphere. As a result of this process we get light and heat. When you pollute, you send chemicals into the air that destroy our atmosphere, so more heat and light cannot escape from the earth’s atmosphere. What are people doing to stop global warming? People are doing many things to try to stop global warming. One thing people are doing is carpooling. Carpooling is driving with someone to a place that you are both going to. This minimizes the amount of greenhouse gases put into the air by a car. Another thing that people are doing is being more careful about leaving things turned on like the television, computer, and the lights. A lot of people are taking time away from the television, and instead, they are spending more time outdoors. This helps our planet out a lot. Now, more people are even riding busses, walking to school, and riding their bikes to lower the amount of greenhouse gases in the air. Planting trees and recycling also helps. If you recycle, less trash goes to the dump, and less trash gets burned. As a result, there are fewer greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere. Watch what you buy. Many things, such as hairspray and deodorant, now are made to have less of an impact on the atmosphere. Less greenhouse gasses will rise into the air, and global warming will slow down. The government is doing many things to help stop global warming. The government made a law called The Clean Air Act so there is less air pollution. Global warming is making people get very bad illnesses that could make them disabled, very sick, and sometimes even die. The Clean Air Act is making many companies change their products to decrease these problems. Part of the law says that you may not put a certain amount of pollutants in the air. Hairspray and some other products, like foam cups, had this problem. Making and using these products let out too much volatile organic compounds (VOC’s), ozone-destroying chemicals (chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s), and related chemicals (such as CO2) into the air. Now, almost all of these products have a label on them telling people what this product can do to the environment and many people. By 2015 all products listed on the Clean Air Act will have this label on them WARNING: contains or manufactured with (the chemical would go here. For example chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s), a substance which harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere. Almost all of the other chemicals that could be harmful will have this label on them hopefully by this time (2015) as well. The Clean Air Act has also made car companies change some of the things inside of the cars. Cars pollute a lot. While cars make more than half of the world’s smog (visible pollution in the air), many things that cars need to move and heat up make even more pollution. Some things that are inside of cars, buses, trucks, and motorcycles, like gasoline, pollute the air when the fuel is burned. It comes out as a chemical and when mixed in the air, forms smog. Smog is a kind of pollution that you see in the form of a cloud. If you have ever been to California you can see a lot of smog in some places. Sometimes the smog gets so bad that you cannot see at all! Smog forms when car exhaust, pollution from homes, and pollution from factories mixes in the air and has a chemical reaction. The sun’s heat and light add to the reaction. Cars, buses, and trucks are also responsible for over 50% of dangerous chemicals let into the air. Some of these chemicals can cause cancer, birth defects, trouble breathing, brain and nerve damage, lung injures, and burning eyes. Some of the pollutants are so harmful that they can even cause death. What are some of the other dangerous chemicals? Some other chemicals that cause air pollution and are bad for the environment and people are:
Test yourself on global warming by figuring out a word search at the website below. When you enter this website, you will have to click on Global Warming Word Search to enter the page. Click on the website below to test yourself on global warming. http://globalwarming.enviroweb.org/games/ Kid can help stop global warming, too!! Although adults do many things to help stop global warming, kids can do just as much. Kids can’t do hard things like making a law, but we can do easier things like not watching as much TV. You can listen to your parents when they say, turn off your lights or go play outside. Listening to them and actually trying to help can help you, your environment, and the world. |
What Would Happen If the Earth Stopped Spinning? (This)
"The following is not a futuristic scenario. It is not science fiction. It is a demonstration of...an extremely* unlikely, yet intellectually fascinating query: What would happen if the earth stopped spinning?" SPOILER: Our continents become one.
If that spoiler wasn't enough, the slightly longer explanation is that, without centrifugal force, the ocean water near the equator would migrate to where the Earth's gravity is the strongest, the poles, leaving us with dry land in the middle.
If that's still not enough, good for you, science geek. The even longer (best) explanation can be found here: [esri via nerdcore via neatorama]
* You know, it did happen before, in the Superman movie (1978). And if that's not foreboding enough, I don't know what is. Also of note, Superman only saves Lois when he goes back in time. That's fine if there's another Superman hanging still around from the past, fixing dams and stuff while the alternate Superman gets the girl. But what happens, like, when the deed is done. Are there perpetually two Supermen hanging around, getting up in Lois' grill? Does one Superman have to be Clark Kent all the time? Do they flip a coin to choose identities or alternate days? I don't think** so. I think that, when Superman went back in time, the two bodies united as one. And you know what that means? Everyone who wasn't the esteemed Lois Lane died. Nice job, Superman. Nice job.
** I haven't seen that movie in almost a decade. It's possible that my facts are screwy and I'm ranting about nothing.
วันศุกร์ที่ 12 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553
News toDay
Intel hikes dividend again despite tech worries
SAN FRANCISCO – Intel Corp. is confident enough in the stability of its moneymaking skills to raise its dividend by 15 percent, even as Wall Street braces for a bumpy ride for the technology industry.
The chip-maker's announcement Friday comes on the heels of a downcast description of the technology market by Cisco Systems Inc. Cisco dragged down stocks this week with a warning that government spending — especially at the state and local level — has suddenly turned sluggish. Many investors are worried that other technology companies are in line for a beating over the next several quarters and that the problems will spread to other industries.
Intel's dividend hike, the fourth since the Great Recession started in late 2007, is less a reflection of the company's optimism about the market than a reminder of its unique advantages in the computing industry. It also underscores the fact that many large companies have been sitting on piles of cash for the past three years and have been pouring some of the money back into their dividends to appease skittish shareholders.
According to Capital IQ Quantitative Research, nearly half of the companies in the S&P 500 have raised their dividend since the end of 2007, while only a fifth cut theirs.
Intel itself has warned recently about tough times in its business of selling microprocessors, the "brains" of personal computers and servers. But at the same time, it commands 80 percent of the market for those chips and is in the desirable position of owning its own factories, which means it can make better chips cheaper than its competitors.
Although the factories are expensive, requiring frequent multibillion-dollar upgrades, Intel has been able to put in technological advances — such as new techniques for shrinking the size of the circuitry on its chips — to help the company wring out more profit from its chips.
"I wouldn't necessarily say that Intel's bullish," said Patrick Wang, a semiconductor analyst with Wedbush Securities. Wang added that Intel will make investors feel better in returning cash to them, even though it isn't a reflection of Intel feeling exuberant about the market.
Intel shares rose 32 cents, or 1.5 percent, to $21.53. But the company's upbeat comments couldn't lift the broader market. The Dow Jones industrial average fell 90.52, or 0.8 percent, to 11,192.58 on news that China might try to slow its surging economy to combat inflation.
As a barometer for the tech sector, Intel has flashed some mixed signals over the past few months.
Back in August, the company cut its quarterly sales forecast, citing "weaker than expected demand for consumer PCs in mature markets," including the U.S. and Europe. Then last month it offered a more encouraging fourth-quarter forecast that met expectations.
The move to raise its dividend Friday provided a counterpoint to Cisco's weak projections.
On Wednesday, Cisco said that new orders during the most recent quarter fell short of the company's expectations. It forecast revenue growth for the quarter ending in January at just 3 percent to 5 percent over last year, less than half the growth rate analysts expected. Some analysts have noted that while Cisco's problems are an omen for much of the tech world, its networking equipment can be very expensive. Analysts say companies selling cheaper products might not experience as severe a slowdown in sales.
Cisco, which provides big companies, government agencies and service providers with the equipment that routes data over the Internet, has announced plans for a dividend, though the exact size isn't yet known and will depend on tax laws and market conditions. Cisco is sitting on $38.9 billion in cash and cash equivalents, much of it stuck abroad and not being used for investments in the U.S. as companies such as Cisco pressure the government to lower taxes on money made outside the U.S. and brought back stateside.
Oracle Corp., one of the world's biggest business software makers, began paying a dividend last year.
Since the recession started, Intel's quarterly dividend has grown to 15.75 cents per share, from 11.25 cents per share. On Friday, the company announced it was extending that further to 18 cents per share, a total increase of 60 percent over the past three years. CEO Paul Otellini said the company "remains on track to have our best year ever and we continue to generate strong cash flows."
Intel, whose stock is a component of the Dow Jones industrial average, has one of that group's highest-yielding dividends. Intel's annual yield currently stands at 3 percent of its stock price. Intel said the new dividend will take effect in the first quarter of next year. The company ended the latest quarter with nearly $15 billion in cash and short-term investments, nearly $3 billion more than it had the quarter before.
Intel is taking in far more than it's giving back through the dividend. At the new, higher rate, Intel will be paying about $1 billion a quarter in dividends, based on the latest share count. That's up from about $900 million per quarter at the lower rate.
Doug Freedman, an analyst with Gleacher & Co., said Intel's boost was higher than he expected. He noted that as the semiconductor and other tech industries have matured, and the supercharged growth of the dot-com days and earlier eras has slipped away, dividends have become more important as a way to reward investment.
"If you're investing in tech, you really need to start paying more attention to dividend yields as much as you want to pay attention to growth," Freedman said. "What Intel's doing with their dividend is more about their business model than optimism about the market or top-line numbers. With no growth, Intel can support that dividend yield."
วันอังคารที่ 9 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553
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